Bradford Tax Institute
April 2020
COVID-19: CARES Act Allows
$100,000 Tax-Free IRA Grab and Repay
More Relief: Retirement Account Required Minimum
Distribution Rules Suspended for 2020
The $2 trillion COVID-19 economic recovery bill finally
made it through Congress and was signed into law by
President Donald Trump on March 27.
The legislation is titled the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and
Economic Security Act (CARES Act). It’s a daunting
880 pages long, but it contains good news for individuals
and businesses, including meaningful tax relief.
This article explains two tax relief measures that can
potentially benefit IRA and retirement account owners.
Here goes.
COVID-19-Related Distributions from IRAs
Get Tax-Favored Treatment
If you are an IRA owner who has been adversely affected
by the COVID-19 pandemic, you are probably
eligible to take tax-favored distributions from your IRA(s).
For brevity, let’s call these allowable COVID-19 distributions
“CVDs.” They can add up to as much as
$100,000. Eligible individuals can recontribute (repay) CVD
amounts back into an IRA within three years of the
withdrawal date and can treat the withdrawals and later
recontributions as federal-income-tax-free IRA rollover
transactions.1
In effect, the CVD privilege allows you to borrow up to
$100,000 from your IRA(s) and recontribute the amount
(s) at any time up to three years later with no federal
income tax consequences.
There are no income limits on the CVD privilege, and
there are no restrictions on how you can use CVD
money during the three-year recontribution period.
If you’re cash-strapped, use the money to pay bills and
recontribute later when your financial situation has
improved. Help your adult kids out. Pay down your HELOC.
Do whatever you want with the money.
CVD Basics
Eligible individuals can take one or more CVDs up to the
$100,000 aggregate limit, and these can come from
one or several IRAs. The three-year recontribution period
for each CVD begins on the day after you receive it.
You can make recontributions in a lump sum or make
multiple recontributions. You can recontribute to one or
several IRAs, and they don’t have to be the same account(s)
you took the CVD(s) from in the first place.
As long as you recontribute the entire CVD amount within
the three-year window, the transactions are treated
as tax-free IRA rollovers. If you’re under age 59 1/2, the
dreaded 10 percent penalty tax that usually applies to
early IRA withdrawals does not apply to CVDs.2
If your spouse owns one or more IRAs in his or her own
name, your spouse is apparently eligible for the same
CVD privilege if he or she qualifies (see below).
Do I Qualify for the CVD Privilege?
That’s a good question. Some IRA owners will clearly qualify,
while others may have to wait for IRS guidance.
For now, here’s what the CARES Act says.3
A COVID-19-related distribution is a distribution of up to
$100,000 from an eligible retirement plan, including
an IRA, that is made on or after January 2, 2020, and
before December 31, 2020, to an individual
- who is diagnosed with COVID-19 by a test approved
by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; or
- whose spouse or dependent (generally a qualifying
child or relative who receives more than half
of his or her support from you) is diagnosed with
COVID-19 by such a test; or
- who experiences adverse financial consequences as a
result of being quarantined, furloughed, laid off, or forced
to reduce work hours due to COVID-19; or who is unable
to work because of a lack of child care due to COVID-19
and experiences adverse financial consequences as a
result; or
- who owns or operates a business that has closed or had
operating hours reduced due to COVID-19, and
- who has experienced adverse financial consequences as a
result; or
- who has experienced adverse financial consequences
due to other COVID-19-related factors to be specified
in future IRS guidance.
- We await IRS guidance on how to interpret the last two
factors. We hope and trust that the guidance will be
liberally skewed in favor of IRA owners. We shall see.
What If I Don’t Recontribute a CVD within the
Three-Year Window?
Another good question. You will owe income tax on the
CVD amount that you don’t recontribute within the
three-year window, but you don’t have to worry about owing
the 10 percent early withdrawal penalty tax if youare under
age 59 1/2.
If you don’t repay, you can choose to spread the taxable
amount equally over three years, apparently starting
with 2020.4
Example. Tomorrow you withdraw $90,000 from your
IRA, and you don’t recontribute it and don’t elect out of
the three-year spread; you have $30,000 of taxable income
in years 1, 2, and 3.
Here it gets tricky, because the three-year recontribution
window won’t close until sometime in 2023. Until
then, it won’t be clear that you failed to take advantage
of the tax-free CVD rollover deal.
So, you may have to amend a prior-year tax return to
report some additional taxable income from the three
year spread. The language in the CARES Act does not
address this issue, so the IRS will have to weigh in. Of
course, the IRS may not be in a big hurry to issue guidance
right now, because it has three years to mull it over.
You also have the option of simply electing to report the
taxable income from the CVD on your 2020 Form
- You won’t owe the 10 percent early withdrawal
penalty tax if you are under age 59 1/2.5
Can the One-IRA-Rollover-Per-Year
Limitation Prevent Me from Taking
Advantage of the CVD Deal?
Gee, you ask a lot of good questions. The answer is no,
because when you recontribute CVD money within
the three-year window, it is deemed to be done via a direct
trustee-to-trustee transfer that is exempt from the
one-IRA-rollover-per-year rule. So, no worries there.6
Can I Take a CVD from My Company’s
Tax-Favored Retirement Plan?
Yes, if your company allows it. The tax rules are similar
to those that apply to CVDs taken from IRAs.7
That said, employers and the IRS have lots of work to
do to figure out the details for CVDs taken from
employer-sponsored qualified retirement plans. Stay
tuned for more information.
More Good News: Retirement Account
Required Minimum Distribution Rules
Are Suspended for 2020
In normal times, after reaching the magic age, you must
start taking annual required minimum distributions
(RMDs) from traditional IRAs set up in your name
(including SEP-IRA and SIMPLE-IRA accounts) and
From tax-favored company retirement plan accounts.
The magic age is 70 1/2 if you attained that age before
2020 or 72 if you attain age 70 1/2 after 2019.8
And you must pay income tax on the taxable portion of
your RMDs. Ugh!9 Thankfully, the CARES Act suspends
all RMDs that you would otherwise have to take in 2020.
The suspension applies equally to your initial RMD if
you turned 70 1/2 last year and did not take that initial
RMD last year (the initial RMD is actually for calendar
year 2019). Before the CARES Act, the deadline for
taking that initial RMD was April 1, 2020. Now, thanks
to the CARES Act, you can put off any and all RMDs
that you otherwise would have had to take this year. Good!
For 2021 and beyond, the RMD rules will be applied
as if 2020 never happened. In other words, all the RMD
deadlines will be pushed back by one year, and any
deadlines that otherwise would have applied for 2020 will
simply be ignored.10
Takeaways
The CVD privilege can be a very helpful and very flexible
tax-favored financial arrangement for eligible IRA
owners.
- You can get needed cash into your hands right
now without incurring the early withdrawal
penalties.
- You can then recontribute the CVD amount
anytime within the three-year window that will close
sometime in 2023—depending on the date you
take the CVD—to avoid any federal income tax hit.
The suspension of RMDs for this year helps your 2020
tax situation, because you avoid the tax hit on RMDs
COVID-19: CARES Act Allows $100,000 Tax-Free IRA Grab
and Repay at you otherwise would have had to withdraw this year.
1 CARES Act, Sections 2202(a)(2) through 2202(a)(5).
2 Basically, the CVD withdrawal and recontribution rules are the same as for IRA
withdrawals and subsequent rollovers, under IRC Section 408(d)(3), except
you get three years to put CVD money back into your IRA to avoid triggering
a tax bill—instead of the 60-day recontribution window that applies under the
regular IRA rollover rules. See Sections 2204(a)(3)(A) and 2204(a)(3)(C) of
the CARES Act. The 10 percent early withdrawal penalty tax is imposed by IRC
Section 72(t), but Section 2202(a)(1) of the CARES Act exempts CVDs
from the 10 percent penalty tax.
3 CARES Act, Section 2202(a)(4)(A).
4 CARES Act, Section 2202(a)(5)(A).
5 CARES Act, Sections 2202(a)(1); 2202(a)(5)(A).
6 CARES Act, Section 2202(a)(3)(C); IRS Announcements 2014-15; 2014-32.
7 CARES Act, Sections 2202(a(3)(A); 2202(a)(3)(B).
8 IRC Section 401(a)(9).
9 If you don’t take at least the RMD amount for the year, you can get slammed with
a 50 percent penalty tax on the shortfall, under IRC Section 4973.
10 CARES Act, Section 2203.